Qualche giorno fa sono intervenuto sul tema della responsabilità medica e dei contenziosi massivi, spesso “istigati” da avvocati e studi legali o da strutture collaterali (come, ad esempio, società di servizi o di strutture che assumono la forma giuridica di associazioni, magari di categoria, formalmente senza fine di lucro) che si offrono di patrocinare cause senza anticipazione di costi, remunerati con patti di quota lite (cioè, con un guadagno in proporzione all’esito del giudizio).
L’ho fatto con questo articolo, pubblicato sul mio blog.
Ora, io non mi occupo precipuamente di responsabilità medica.
Però è chiaro che questo tema non è che l’innesco su una serie di tematiche che mi sono care.
Tralasciando gli aspetti deontologici di questo tipo di prassi, ne è scaturito un piccolo dibattito in Facebook, in termini che sono quelli tipici di un social network: gli avvocati son tutti squali. No sono i medici che son tutti macellai. Ma no, è che sono i pazienti a cercare ogni pretesto per fare causa.
Mi è capitato di rispondere ad un post nel corso di questo piccolo dibattito e mi pare utile condividere le considerazioni che ho svolto, con qualche adattamento.
In questo dibattito la questione cruciale è: perché esiste il fenomeno della proliferazione di cause, talvolta temerarie?
È perché tutti gli avvocati sono squali? O perché i medici sono tutti macellai?
Il caso della responsabilità medica è quello che ha dato l’avvio alla discussione, ma ce ne sono altri: il caso delle cause per anatocismo bancario, per esempio.
Oppure il caso che ben conosco, visto che sono specializzato anche in contenzioso tributario, è quello dell’impugnativa sistematica di cartelle Equitalia, o di altri agenti della riscossione.
Ma partiamo dal caso della responsabilità medica.
È vero che ci sono avvocati che istigano i clienti a fare cause inutili (nel settore sanitario ma non solo)?
La mia risposta è: beh certo che ce ne sono. Su 250 mila professionisti iscritti all’albo, sicuramente ce ne sono.
Quanti? Non ne ho idea. Probabilmente anche un bel po’: in una situazione in cui molti hanno problemi ad arrivare a fine mese, è comprensibile. Sbagliato, ingiustificabile, ma comprensibile.
La categoria degli avvocati, sulla base di questi elementi, è una categoria di stronzi? Forse. Ma non è una conclusione a cui è lecito pervenire sulla base delle sole affermazioni che precedono.
Ci sono medici che sbagliano terapie o interventi e provocano lesioni o la morte di pazienti, che, se trattati con la dovuta diligenza avrebbero potuto non subire quelle lesioni e/o sopravvivere? Immagino di sì, altrimenti vivremmo in un mondo perfetto.
Quanti sono? Non ho un’idea precisa. I dati quantitativi di cui dispongo sono due: (a) circa il 40% dei sinistri sanitari vengono chiusi in via stragiudiziale dalle compagnie assicurative; (b) circa il 35% delle controversie (quindi, casi che non si sono definiti per via stragiudiziale) per responsabilità medica si concludono con il riconoscimento di un risarcimento (fonte: Osservatorio Responsabilità Medica).
Parliamo di una percentuale molto rilevante dei “claims”: cioè quel 35% di cause, in linea di massima, attinge al bacino di quel 60% di casi non chiusi per via transattiva. Significa che al di là del fatto che si arrivi davanti ad un giudice, la questione di cattive performance sanitarie esiste: largamente oltre il 50% delle contestazioni (il 40% si chiude prima della causa, il 35% del restante 60%, cioè, un altro 20% del totale, si chiude davanti al giudice, con il riconoscimento di una qualche responsabilità).
La categoria dei medici, sulla base di questi elementi, è una categoria di macellai? Personalmente non lo penso e non mi azzardo ad affermare una cosa del genere, anche sulla base di dati un po’ più precisi di quelli di cui dispongo sulle cause avviate a capocchia da certi colleghi piuttosto allegri.
Ora, se la domanda è: perché abbiamo tanti contenziosi, tutti questi dati non ci forniscono ancora una risposta.
E, per come la vedo io, la risposta non si ritrova né in dati quantitativi oggettivamente rilevabili, né applicando i consueti luoghi comuni, tipo: avvocati = stronzi senza scrupoli, medici = macellai prezzolati; pazienti = vampiri approfittatori che cercano solo il pretesto per fare causa.
Tu puoi anche rilevare che in un certo settore su 100 cause solo 10, 20 o 30 vengono vinte, ma poi devi anche leggere le sentenze.
Come dire: su 100 pazienti curati, 10, 20 o 30 muoiono. Ma devi capire di volta in volta se erano casi disperati o il chirurgo ha dimenticato la pinza nella panza.
Io, senza la pretesa di possedere verità, dico la mia. E magari sbaglio. Se la pensi diversamente va bene. Se argomenti seriamente un’opinione differente, ti do la mia parola d’onore (parola da avvocato, mi rendo conto) che sono disposto anche a cambiare idea. Se invece argomenti su uno dei luoghi comuni tipo, gli italiani sono tutti furbi, gli zingari rubano, i terroni sono sfaticati, i genovesi sono tirchi, gli avvocati sono stronzi, beh allora ti ribadisco che non hai colto il senso di quello che dico.
E quale sarebbe la mia opinione? Che la gente è più incline a fare cause quando le leggi non sono chiare. Se le leggi non sono chiare chiedi a qualcuno di chiarirtele. Il giudice è quello pagato per farlo. Se poi due casi identici vengono decisi in modo diametralmente opposto dai due giudici che occupano due stanze, l’una accanto all’altra, nello stesso tribunale, autorizzi il cittadino a pensare che davanti al giudice tutto è possibile.
Non solo: autorizzi un avvocato stronzo a vendere come possibile una conclusione che a termini di logica dovrebbe non esserlo. E quindi a fare una causa a capocchia.
Sto raccontando una favoletta? Si può fare una milionata di esempi ben noti ai professionisti.
Un caso tipico in materia di tasse: le Sezioni Unite della Corte di Cassazione (cioè, l’organo che per mestiere cerca di dare un’interpretazione univoca sui dubbi interpretativi delle leggi) afferma con una sentenza chilometrica, un principio cruciale in materia fiscale: prima di avviare atti invasivi del patrimonio del contribuente, devi cercare di aprire un contraddittorio e questo principio è ricavabile dalla Costituzione e dalla Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’UE.
Si tratta del cosiddetto contraddittorio endoprocedimentale.
Dopo un paio di mesi lo stesso organo, emette una sentenza in cui afferma esattamente l’opposto: l’Amministrazione Finanziaria non è tenuta ad alcun contraddittorio perché non è un principio che discenda dalla Costituzione. Dalla Carta europea sì, ma si applica solo ad alcuni tributi e sempre che ricorrano alcune condizioni.
Che altro vogliamo aggiungere?
L’Italia è un paese in cui si dovrebbe andare in giro con l’avvocato sotto braccio: la produzione normativa è schizofrenica, contraddittoria, spesso sgrammaticata. Una norma sembra dire una cosa, ma viene smentita dalla norma immediatamente successiva.
Ad ogni legge finanziaria, per capire cosa diavolo dice la legge, occorre fare il collage delle ultime cinque o sei finanziarie.
Tutto questo autorizza abusi da parte di chi ha maggiori risorse economiche: assicurazioni, banche, entità governative e pubbliche. Cioè, da tutti quei soggetti che possono permettersi il lusso del supporto di professionisti senza limiti di spesa, ed il lusso di sostenere i costi di contenziosi infinitamente lunghi.
Se su questi abusi non si consente una possibilità di tutela, si resta in balia dei potenti.
I tribunali sono sovrastati da carichi giudiziari pesantissimi, è vero. Ma la soluzione corretta non è quella di scoraggiare la tutela giudiziaria.
Il rimedio corretto è quello di rendere chiaro e semplice il quadro normativo. Accessibile e comprensibile al cittadino, in modo che questi possa capire la legge, nei limiti del possibile, senza dover ricorrere per forza ad un avvocato, un commercialista o ad un consulente del lavoro.
Almeno per quello che concerne gli aspetti della vita quotidiana.
Ora, mi rendo conto che questo tipo di intervento non è esattamente in linea con lo stile e il ritmo tipico della comunicazione di un social network.
Però trovo importante che passi un concetto, senza che si possa pensare che io scriva a sostegno di una lobby.
È vero che vivo questa professione in modo “militante”. Ma lo faccio perché credo che la figura dell’avvocato sia assolutamente essenziale, come uno strumento di civiltà e di protezione sociale. Esattamente com’è quella del medico.
Persino di banche ed assicurazioni.
Non è il ruolo che va colpito. Avvocato, medico o cittadino. Vanno colpiti gli individui che non rispettano la legge, e non rispettano il prossimo, in senso generale.
Oggi il comune cittadino non può fare a meno di un professionista qualificato per rapportarsi ormai anche alle più banali funzioni della cosa pubblica, perché il sistema normativo è sempre più complesso. E molto spesso, anche inutilmente complicate.
L’avvocato è il punto di contatto e di attrito, tra i cittadini – utenti e quel servizio essenziale e vitale, qual è il servizio giustizia. Ed è anche il cuscinetto del disagio e delle molte frustrazioni che il cittadino sfoga quando non riesce ad ottenere quella giustizia a cui ambisce.
Sparare sugli avvocati significa innalzare barriere ancora più alte tra il cittadino e la giustizia.
Ma è anche un’operazione politica astuta, per chi ha interesse a inceppare il sistema del controllo giudiziario.
Perchè zittire gli avvocati si traduce in un principio odioso: quello del “non parlate al manovratore”.
Italiano
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